Evaluate the Significance of the Statement Essay

Evaluate the Significance of the Statement - Essay Example The problems related to such cases are analyzed in this paper; reference is made specifically to the transnational divorces in UK and their recognition in the context of British law. Due to the complexity of the relevant processes, two different modes of such divorces have been developed in the British law: the transnational divorces based on proceedings and those that can be developed otherwise than by means of proceedings. The literature published in regard to this subject highlights the following issues: existing British law in regard to transnational divorces is not so clear; there are provisions setting the general terms of the relevant processes but the options available are differentiated, leaving to the court the right to decide on the potential validity of a divorce for the English law and the intervention of the English courts in a dispute related to foreign divorce. This phenomenon is particularly clear in the case law developed in regard to this issue. In any case, transn ational divorces are acceptable in the context of British law, being based mostly on the principle of recognition, but their effects are not standardized, being depended on the conditions of each case, as these conditions reflect the relationship of each of these cases with the English law. The fact that the trends developed in Britain in regard to the acceptance of the transnational divorces as valid are differentiated, do not influence the power of the English courts to decide on the validity of these divorces, no matter if the terms of the foreign law, to which the parties are related, are met. 2. Transnational divorce in UK 2.1 Transnational divorce in UK – characteristics and challenges In order to understand the effects of a transnational divorce in the context of the British law, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics of the particular type of divorce, as developed not only in UK but also worldwide. A divorce is characterized as transnational w hen the acts involved, meaning the various processes required for the acquisition of the relevant certificate, have taken place in two different countries (O’Brien and Smith 1999, p.487). In accordance with Wray (2011), the transnational divorce is distinguished by the common divorce at the following point: in the transnational divorce part of the processes for the issue of the divorce need to be completed in UK and part of them have to be developed in another country (Wray 2011, p.83). In other words, transnational divorces are necessarily related to the law of different countries. In Britain, the requirements of a transnational divorce are incorporated in three different legislative texts – the Recognition of Divorce and Legal Separations Act 1971, the Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 and the Family Law Act of 1986. It should be noted that the above texts do not refer directly to the case of ‘transnational divorce’ but they list the terms un der which a divorce of such characteristics can be valid in the context of the British law. In practice, the identification of the terms of validity of a transnational divorce is quite difficult. This problem is particularly common in England where a series of problems has appeared in regard to the successful completion of the relevant processes, a fact that reveals the need for the review of the relevant legislation (O’Brien and Smith 1999, p.487). One of the most important problems related to transnational div

Government Website Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government Website Evaluation - Essay Example Next, the program talks with a Diplomat in Residence to discuss student internship with the America Department of State. The audience in the US Department website is students, who visit website to find opportunities for student internship. Students are the main stakeholders of this government website while the department has its website designers who carry out programming (Webdesign n.d.). Other stakeholders of this website are internal website users, including managers, marketing professionals, customer service reps, IT, and sales people. These stakeholders create programs in the website where students can find important information and learning facilities (Webdesign n.d.). Study level, age, location, and family backgrounds are some of the characteristics, which define audience members who visit the website. This website invites users or audiences to comment on a certain issue facing students within their class environments or the community. Students can achieve this, by sharing and chatting. Therefore, the opportunity engages students to contribute their story to the public by sharing their experiences. The search feature on this website helps students look for open opportunities for an internship. The internship program caters for all students in US institutions and uses a language that students can understand and comprehend. The tone of the writing is specifically tailored for students to easily understand. The government websites exhibit several ethos that are explained in its privacy policy and terms of use. The website highly regards the confidentiality of its users as outlined in its privacy policy. Trust and breaching of contracts are additional ethos detailed on the website. The purpose of the government website is to help the student start a new career in foreign countries. The opportunities detailed on the website give students an

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam 3 - Essay Example In the science of linguistics there are hundreds of commonly used terms and abbreviations that help linguists to simply analysis of language. The most fundamental task when looking at the diagram is to define the terms and abbreviations contained in the diagram, logically starting at the top left position and moving to the bottom right along with the flow of the arrows (another communication tool). This will assist the non-linguist onlooker, who can then drawn on his own background—as well as the help given in this paper—to comprehend the meaning of linguistic terms. The most prominent term in the diagram is Lexicon. The lexicon is the vocabulary a language is made up of, which a combination of words and expressions. It is considered to be made up of lexemes, or different forms of the same word or expression (SIL International, 2011). An example would be â€Å"run, runs, ran and running,† a single lexeme. ... The abbreviation LF in linguistics stands for â€Å"logical form† and the abbreviation PF stands for the â€Å"phonetic form†, both of which are listed on the same level indicating that they are semantically equivalent (Freely, 2009). The phonetic form is shown to give rise to the phonetic output, of the literal words communicated, while the logical form gives rise to the linguistic meaning, which relies much more on the background of the speaker as shown by the additional arrows connecting extralinguistic knowledge with the final utterance meaning. The utterance meaning may be understood by the non-linguist, as in the case of the friend given in the exam problem, to be the meaning of a word or phrase. By defining the abbreviations terms given in the diagram, one could explain to a non-linguistic, such as the friend in the problem, that the diagram ultimately represents a way to understand word of phrase meaning in a logical and scientific fashion. In linguistics there are many forms of diagrams. The form demonstrated in this diagram is a flow chart. It is read from top to bottom, and from left to right, which is the standard in western cultures. Because the diagram subject is United States English, this form is the most logical, implying that most people that are to use the chart are also from western societies. If the diagram was aimed at eastern cultures, for instance Chinese or Japanese readers, a right to left orientation would be more appropriate. In the diagram, lexicon is given the highest priority by its placement at the top left. The secondary category defines the language type, US English, which also has the implications that many other languages exist and may be treated by similar diagrams. The child of the language

Evaluate the Significance of the Statement Essay

Evaluate the Significance of the Statement - Essay Example The problems related to such cases are analyzed in this paper; reference is made specifically to the transnational divorces in UK and their recognition in the context of British law. Due to the complexity of the relevant processes, two different modes of such divorces have been developed in the British law: the transnational divorces based on proceedings and those that can be developed otherwise than by means of proceedings. The literature published in regard to this subject highlights the following issues: existing British law in regard to transnational divorces is not so clear; there are provisions setting the general terms of the relevant processes but the options available are differentiated, leaving to the court the right to decide on the potential validity of a divorce for the English law and the intervention of the English courts in a dispute related to foreign divorce. This phenomenon is particularly clear in the case law developed in regard to this issue. In any case, transn ational divorces are acceptable in the context of British law, being based mostly on the principle of recognition, but their effects are not standardized, being depended on the conditions of each case, as these conditions reflect the relationship of each of these cases with the English law. The fact that the trends developed in Britain in regard to the acceptance of the transnational divorces as valid are differentiated, do not influence the power of the English courts to decide on the validity of these divorces, no matter if the terms of the foreign law, to which the parties are related, are met. 2. Transnational divorce in UK 2.1 Transnational divorce in UK – characteristics and challenges In order to understand the effects of a transnational divorce in the context of the British law, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics of the particular type of divorce, as developed not only in UK but also worldwide. A divorce is characterized as transnational w hen the acts involved, meaning the various processes required for the acquisition of the relevant certificate, have taken place in two different countries (O’Brien and Smith 1999, p.487). In accordance with Wray (2011), the transnational divorce is distinguished by the common divorce at the following point: in the transnational divorce part of the processes for the issue of the divorce need to be completed in UK and part of them have to be developed in another country (Wray 2011, p.83). In other words, transnational divorces are necessarily related to the law of different countries. In Britain, the requirements of a transnational divorce are incorporated in three different legislative texts – the Recognition of Divorce and Legal Separations Act 1971, the Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 and the Family Law Act of 1986. It should be noted that the above texts do not refer directly to the case of ‘transnational divorce’ but they list the terms un der which a divorce of such characteristics can be valid in the context of the British law. In practice, the identification of the terms of validity of a transnational divorce is quite difficult. This problem is particularly common in England where a series of problems has appeared in regard to the successful completion of the relevant processes, a fact that reveals the need for the review of the relevant legislation (O’Brien and Smith 1999, p.487). One of the most important problems related to transnational div

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam 3 - Essay Example In the science of linguistics there are hundreds of commonly used terms and abbreviations that help linguists to simply analysis of language. The most fundamental task when looking at the diagram is to define the terms and abbreviations contained in the diagram, logically starting at the top left position and moving to the bottom right along with the flow of the arrows (another communication tool). This will assist the non-linguist onlooker, who can then drawn on his own background—as well as the help given in this paper—to comprehend the meaning of linguistic terms. The most prominent term in the diagram is Lexicon. The lexicon is the vocabulary a language is made up of, which a combination of words and expressions. It is considered to be made up of lexemes, or different forms of the same word or expression (SIL International, 2011). An example would be â€Å"run, runs, ran and running,† a single lexeme. ... The abbreviation LF in linguistics stands for â€Å"logical form† and the abbreviation PF stands for the â€Å"phonetic form†, both of which are listed on the same level indicating that they are semantically equivalent (Freely, 2009). The phonetic form is shown to give rise to the phonetic output, of the literal words communicated, while the logical form gives rise to the linguistic meaning, which relies much more on the background of the speaker as shown by the additional arrows connecting extralinguistic knowledge with the final utterance meaning. The utterance meaning may be understood by the non-linguist, as in the case of the friend given in the exam problem, to be the meaning of a word or phrase. By defining the abbreviations terms given in the diagram, one could explain to a non-linguistic, such as the friend in the problem, that the diagram ultimately represents a way to understand word of phrase meaning in a logical and scientific fashion. In linguistics there are many forms of diagrams. The form demonstrated in this diagram is a flow chart. It is read from top to bottom, and from left to right, which is the standard in western cultures. Because the diagram subject is United States English, this form is the most logical, implying that most people that are to use the chart are also from western societies. If the diagram was aimed at eastern cultures, for instance Chinese or Japanese readers, a right to left orientation would be more appropriate. In the diagram, lexicon is given the highest priority by its placement at the top left. The secondary category defines the language type, US English, which also has the implications that many other languages exist and may be treated by similar diagrams. The child of the language

Girl with a Pearl Earring Essay Example for Free

Girl with a Pearl Earring Essay In the novel Girl With A Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier, Griet faces many challenges which causes her identity to change. Though Griet starts out as an innocent maid who has to follow orders, she starts developing her own opinion and the ability to make decisions. Griet changes from an household servant to having the courage to share her opinion to a mature lady, capable of making her own decisions. Many factors contribute to the change in Griet’s identity, but the main factor is Vermeer, her master. At first, Griet is viewed as an innocent girl, who is compelled to work as an maid due to her father’s incapability to provide for her family. She does not want to leave her family and go to an unknown place, but she has to; in order to fulfill her family’s needs’. This is evident when Griet says to her sister, Agnes, â€Å" ‘You know I don’t want to leave. I have to’†(7). When she arrives at the Vermeer household, she is viewed as a helper with the household chores, and a girl who must follow her master’s orders’. Later on, she starts to consider the Vermeer household as her own family. ’I have two families now, and they must not mix’†(53). This quote demonstrates the fact that Griet is adapting to her environment, and that she has started considering them as her family. This illustrates a change in her identity, as she has changed from a compelled and scared young girl to a maid, capable of adapting to a new environment. Throughout the course of the novel, Griet starts developing her own opinion along with the courage to speak her opinion. At first, she just went along with what she was told: â€Å" ‘But he was my master. I was meant to so as he said’†(57). This demonstrates the fact that Griet completes tasks without thinking. Even if she wants to say something, she doesn’t, because she gives her opinion no importance. Griet always had the ability to recognize Vermeer’s paintings’ strengths and weaknesses, but she didn’t have the courage to say it. This changes, due to Vermeer, who forces Griet to give her opinion. â€Å" ‘It is a better painting now’†(64). This supports Griet’s change in identity, form being too scared to speaking her mind to having the courage to give her opinion to her master. Near the end, Griet’s identity has gone through the process of a young maid to a mature lady. At first, Griet’s opinion held no importance. She does not have a say in anything. This is evident when she says, â€Å" ‘ What would I think, madam? ’†(157). Griet has certainly developed an opinion, but not the courage to speak it in front of others. She is aware of her status as a maid. This changes throughout the course of the novel. Griet does develop the courage to take the decision of her life as well as carry it out. â€Å" ‘I did not pick up the knife. I turned and walked from the room’†(215). This quote illustrates Griet’s ability to make and carry out decisions. She is not going to tolerate any wrong accusations, and she has learned to take a stand for herself. This change occurs due to Vermeer and his art. Somewhere in between, Griet realizes that she has had enough, and she’s not going to let anyone come and accuse her of doing something she didn’t do. Vermeer and his paintings made Griet feel that she does hold importance, and no one has the right to accuse her wrongfully. Therefore, Griet’s identity undergoes a lot of changes throughout the novel. First, she is maid who is duty- bound to work in an unknown place due to her family’s needs’. As the book continues, she starts developing her opinion as well as the ability to say it. In the end, she is a mature lady with the capability to decide for herself. All of the changes are due to Vermeer. He was the one who accepted her and allowed her to give her opinion, and he was also the one who rejected her by silently standing there while Griet was being wrongfully accused.

Wallace Model Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition

Wallace Model Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition Critically discuss the following statement: â€Å"The Sargent and Wallace (1976) model of policy ineffectiveness has no basis in reality. It is of no practical or theoretical value to policymakers and economists alike.† The Sargent Wallace model (1976) produced the ‘Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition† which is viewed as a radical turning point for monetary theory and part of the ‘New Classical revolution that dominated policy during the 1970s and 1980s. Despite criticisms, it holds great significance as a benchmark model. The model is built upon the Lucas supply function: (1) yts = yn + (pt t-1 pte) + u t This stipulates the natural rate hypothesis that output can only deviate from its natural level by price forecasting errors or a random supply shock. The money supply rule is given by: mt = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ² (y* yt-1) + ÃŽ µt, Where ÃŽ ± is a constant term, ÃŽ ² is a parameter and y* is a target level of output. And ultimately, output in the model is given by: (3) y t S = y n + ÃŽ µt + ut It can be seen from (3) that the parameter set by anticipated monetary policy has no effect on the behaviour of output. Only the unanticipated money shock, ÃŽ µt , will have effect. The model is structured upon New Classical assumptions of rational expectations (RE), a Lucas supply curve and that only real variables matter. By substituting for more realistic assumptions, the policy ineffectiveness proposition would not hold. RE is defined below: t-1 Pt e = E (Pt / t-1) RE contrasted with the backward-looking expectations assumption of the adaptive expectations model that dominated previous theory. With RE, an activist policy would be predicted by agents who would then revise wage and price expectations upwards, resulting in unchanged real variables. There is no money illusion and agents do not make systematic mistakes. However empirical evidence suggests persistent expectational errors, seen by constant underestimation by agents of UK inflation (Carlson Parkin, 1975). Friedman used expectational errors to argue against the short-run neutrality of monetary policy. However RE is widely accepted, shown in the impact of inflation forecasting by the Bank of England has upon expectations and its use within the Efficient Market hypothesis. However the acceptance is seen as, â€Å"necessary but not sufficient† (Spencer, 2009) for the validation of the PIP, as models that are fully consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis with more realistic assumptions, have taken precedence. One such model, and a critic of the Friedman style ‘market-clearing assumption was Fischer (1977). He introduced short run wage rigidity, with agents making nominal contracts that lasted longer than one period. Monetary policy could change at higher frequencies than prices and wages, implying non-neutrality in the short run, Taylor proposed nominal rigidities in his model, with the inclusion of staggered wage contracts with similar results. The market clearing model seems distinct from reality, with real world lags. This assumption is credited by the Bank of England, who set a horizon for up to two years for achieving their inflation target and suggested adherence to a Taylor style rule. The Keynesian assumption is that the large unemployment seen throughout the world today is evidence that labour markets do not clear. The assumption of fully flexible prices is discredited by the Calvo model. Its inclusion of menu costs supports the fact that numerous imperfections within today s economy stop people reacting to news immediately. Hoover states if the symmetric information structure is removed, monetary policy does affect real variables. Grossman Stiglitz (1980) state that agents would not pay the cost to become informed as under rational expectations no profit could be made. This leaves policy-makers with an informational advantage and the ability to affect real variables. Support for symmetric information structures is seen via the UK, where transparency is vital, thus information differentials not persisting for long. In addition to invalid assumptions included within the model, it has been criticised for its exclusions. Econometric evidence suggests when assessing factors affecting output, exclusion of â€Å"monetary..policy would†¦create the greatest potential shortcoming† (Hutchinson Glick). Shammout argued the impact of monetary policy upon interest rates, exchange rates stock prices, instead of just prices, that can affect output. Money is seen as the only financial asset, excluding even government bonds. There is little evidence supporting its practical application, with early evidence by Barro (1977) deemed a â€Å"research failure†. Blanchard (2003) postulated the Mundell-Tobin effect of the ability of monetary policy to alter the natural rate of unemployment, with evidence in the evolution of European unemployment. Mishkin (1982) found both anticipated and unanticipated monetary policy has effect on real variables in the short run. The Quantitative Easing programme in the UK, seen to have helped unemployment, would be ineffective if the PIP held. Despite criticisms, its importance within monetary policy cannot be underestimated. The influential Barro-Gordon model (1977) supported the model with the assumption that whilst output and employment were affected by unanticipated monetary policy, anticipated policy would have no effect on real variables. The ‘Real Business Cycle model confirmed policy ineffectiveness in a world without the market-clearing assumption. It has promoted widespread use of the RE hypothesis, equilibrium modelling and cemented the need for firm microeconomic foundations in macroeconomic policies (Snowdon Vane). The New-Keynesian models are seen as emanating from the new classical challenge, in which Sargent Wallace played a key role. The Sargent Wallace model significantly impacted upon monetary policy, although not as its creators anticipated. Modern economists generally accepted the New Keynesian approach of the long run neutrality of monetary policy, and its short run potency due to real and nominal rigidities. Critics argue that the model presents a simplified static world, of complete certainty with no relevance in the real world. However in the light of theoretical application, â€Å"unrealistic assumptions are in fact necessary in the formation of a good theory† (Gilbert Miche) Thus although its modern practical use is negligible, its application within theoretical developments are vast. Bibliography: Books: Blanchard (2003), â€Å"Macroeconomics†, 3rd edition Heijdra (2003), â€Å"Foundations of Modern Macroeconomics† Hoover (1988), â€Å"The new classical macroeconomics: a sceptical inquiry† Romer (2001), â€Å"Advanced Macroeconomics† Snowdon Vane (2002), â€Å"Encyclopaedia of Macroeconomics† Articles: Barro, (1977), â€Å"Unanticipated Money Growth and Unemployment in the United States†, The American Economic Review Barro, (1978), â€Å"Unanticipated Money, Output, and the Price Level in the United States†, The Journal of Political Economy Calvo (1983), â€Å"Staggered prices in a utility-maximising framework†, Journal of Monetary Economics Carlson Parkin (1975), â€Å"Inflation expectations†, Economica Fischer (1977), â€Å"Long term contracts, Rational Expectations and the Optimal Money Supply Rule†, Journal of Political Economy Gilbert Michie (1997), â€Å"New Classical Macroeconomic Theory and Fiscal Rules: Some Methodological Problems†, Contributions to Political Economy Grossman Stiglitz (1980), â€Å"On the impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets†, American Economic Review Hutchinson Glick (1990), â€Å"New results in support of the fiscal ineffectiveness proposition†, Journal of Money, Credit Banking Mishkin (1982) Does Anticipated Monetary Policy Matter? An Econometric Investigation, National Bureau of Economic Research Sargent Wallace (1976), Rational Expectations and the Theory of Economic Policy†, Journal of Monetary Economics Spencer (2009), â€Å"New Classical New Keynesian Economics I II† Websites: Shammout (1989), â€Å"Additional Econometric Tests of the Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition† accessed at http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-02262009-31295005775209/unrestricted/31295005775209.pdf on 21/11/2009